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  "capturedAt": "2026-10-29T10:31:13.635Z",
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    "kind": "note",
    "key": "dial-2025",
    "id": "TAP-RDN-0055",
    "locale": "en",
    "path": "/research/dial-2025/",
    "title": "TAP reading note: Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables",
    "description": "Five wearables showed differing agreement with a chest-strap ECG reference for nocturnal HRV. Reported concordance correlation coefficients were .87 for Garmin, .97 for Oura 3, .99 for Oura 4, .82 for Polar and .94 for WHOOP. This assesses basic nocturnal measures, not manufacturers' composite recovery scores.",
    "rights": "© The Allostasis Project. All rights reserved. Reproduction or adaptation requires separate permission, subject to applicable legal exceptions.",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-29",
    "editorial": {
      "contentType": "evidence-review",
      "reviewState": "draft",
      "reviewedAt": null,
      "reviewedVersion": null,
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-29",
      "version": "1.0",
      "byline": "team",
      "author": null,
      "reviewer": null,
      "workflow": {
        "ai": {
          "usage": "used",
          "system": "OpenAI Codex",
          "scope": "Assisted source comparison, evidence extraction and bilingual research-note preparation. The materials consulted and unresolved scientific issues are specified in each note.",
          "version": "1.0",
          "tasks": [
            "Source comparison and evidence extraction",
            "Bilingual research-note drafting and editorial comparison"
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        }
      },
      "revisions": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-29",
          "version": "1.0",
          "description": "Added nocturnal device-agreement evidence, the 13-person repeated design and the unresolved Polar table issue."
        }
      ]
    },
    "original": {
      "id": "dial-2025",
      "title": "Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables",
      "authors": "Dial MB · Hollander ME · Vatne EA · Emerson AM · Edwards NA · Hagen JA",
      "journal": "Physiological Reports",
      "year": "2025",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70527",
      "doi": "10.14814/phy2.70527",
      "pmid": "40834291"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "id": "dial-2025",
        "title": "Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables",
        "authors": "Dial MB · Hollander ME · Vatne EA · Emerson AM · Edwards NA · Hagen JA",
        "journal": "Physiological Reports",
        "year": "2025",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70527",
        "doi": "10.14814/phy2.70527",
        "pmid": "40834291"
      }
    ],
    "sections": [
      {
        "id": "finding",
        "title": "What the study found",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Five wearables showed differing agreement with a chest-strap ECG reference for nocturnal HRV. Reported concordance correlation coefficients were .87 for Garmin, .97 for Oura 3, .99 for Oura 4, .82 for Polar and .94 for WHOOP. This assesses basic nocturnal measures, not manufacturers' composite recovery scores."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "title": "Scope & limitations",
        "paragraphs": [
          "13 healthy adults contributing 536 nights; valid nights differed by device and are not independent participant counts.",
          "Sampling windows and algorithms differ, and nights are repeated within people. Table 3 reports Polar bias of −4.65 ms but limits of −14.30 to 23.60 ms, whose midpoint is +4.65 ms. The original PDF shows the same values; difference direction remains unresolved, so these limits should not define a precise device threshold."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "sample",
        "title": "Population & sample",
        "paragraphs": [
          "13 healthy adults contributing 536 nights; valid nights differed by device and are not independent participant counts."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "exposure",
        "title": "Exposure or intervention",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Garmin, Oura 3/4, Polar and WHOOP compared with Polar H10 single-lead ECG processed in Kubios, allowing less than 5% corrected beats in the reference."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "outcomes",
        "title": "Outcomes",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Agreement, mean bias and limits of agreement for nocturnal resting heart rate and HRV."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "duration",
        "title": "Time frame",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Repeated nights, with device-specific valid counts of 150, 470, 139, 206 and 289."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "funding",
        "title": "Research funding",
        "paragraphs": [
          "US Air Force Research Laboratory, award S-194-11T-001."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "conflicts",
        "title": "Research conflicts of interest",
        "paragraphs": [
          "The authors declare no competing interests."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "basis",
        "title": "Reading scope",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Full-text participants, processing, statistics, Table 3 and limitations, including visual comparison with the original PDF. Within-person agreement and difference direction require further checking."
        ],
        "links": [
          {
            "label": "Full text in PubMed Central",
            "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12367097/"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}