{
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  "capturedAt": "2026-10-29T10:31:13.611Z",
  "sha256": "7ce7c8fc4f84eb147e502b78b9eee819d19172a65f6cc29af277d33db3b8b34a",
  "work": {
    "type": "RDN",
    "kind": "note",
    "key": "fried-2001",
    "id": "TAP-RDN-0067",
    "locale": "en",
    "path": "/research/fried-2001/",
    "title": "TAP reading note: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype",
    "description": "Fried and colleagues define a frailty phenotype using weight loss, exhaustion, weak grip, slow gait and low activity, with three or more criteria indicating frailty. Its associations with later death, hospitalisation and functional decline offer an operational framework for vulnerability in older adults; it does not directly measure dynamic recovery after a stressor.",
    "rights": "© The Allostasis Project. All rights reserved. Reproduction or adaptation requires separate permission, subject to applicable legal exceptions.",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-29",
    "editorial": {
      "contentType": "evidence-review",
      "reviewState": "draft",
      "reviewedAt": null,
      "reviewedVersion": null,
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-29",
      "version": "1.0",
      "byline": "team",
      "author": null,
      "reviewer": null,
      "workflow": {
        "ai": {
          "usage": "used",
          "system": "OpenAI Codex",
          "scope": "Assisted source comparison, evidence extraction and bilingual research-note preparation. The materials consulted and unresolved scientific issues are specified in each note.",
          "version": "1.0",
          "tasks": [
            "Source comparison and evidence extraction",
            "Bilingual research-note drafting and editorial comparison"
          ]
        }
      },
      "revisions": [
        {
          "date": "2026-10-29",
          "version": "1.0",
          "description": "Added the frailty phenotype and prospective outcomes, distinguishing static vulnerability from recovery and preserving uncertainty in falls."
        }
      ]
    },
    "original": {
      "id": "fried-2001",
      "title": "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype",
      "authors": "Fried LP · Tangen CM · Walston J · Newman AB · Hirsch C · Gottdiener J · Seeman T · Tracy R · Kop WJ · Burke G · McBurnie MA · Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group",
      "journal": "The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences",
      "year": "2001",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146",
      "doi": "10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146",
      "pmid": "11253156"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "id": "fried-2001",
        "title": "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype",
        "authors": "Fried LP · Tangen CM · Walston J · Newman AB · Hirsch C · Gottdiener J · Seeman T · Tracy R · Kop WJ · Burke G · McBurnie MA · Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group",
        "journal": "The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences",
        "year": "2001",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146",
        "doi": "10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146",
        "pmid": "11253156"
      }
    ],
    "sections": [
      {
        "id": "finding",
        "title": "What the study found",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Fried and colleagues define a frailty phenotype using weight loss, exhaustion, weak grip, slow gait and low activity, with three or more criteria indicating frailty. Its associations with later death, hospitalisation and functional decline offer an operational framework for vulnerability in older adults; it does not directly measure dynamic recovery after a stressor."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "title": "Scope & limitations",
        "paragraphs": [
          "5,317 community-dwelling CHS adults aged ≥65 in two recruitment cohorts; frailty prevalence was 6.9%.",
          "Observational design, available cohort variables, some self-report and disease exclusions limit generalisation. Table 7 gives a three-year falls HR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.00–1.68), P=.054; not every endpoint was significant. Sex/body-size-specific thresholds require checking before application."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "sample",
        "title": "Population & sample",
        "paragraphs": [
          "5,317 community-dwelling CHS adults aged ≥65 in two recruitment cohorts; frailty prevalence was 6.9%."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "exposure",
        "title": "Exposure or intervention",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Five phenotype criteria: one or two indicate an intermediate state, three or more frailty, compared with non-frail participants."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "outcomes",
        "title": "Outcomes",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Three-year adjusted HRs: mortality 2.24 (1.51–3.33), hospitalisation 1.29 (1.09–1.54), ADL worsening 1.98 (1.54–2.55); falls interpreted separately."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "duration",
        "title": "Time frame",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Recruitment cohorts followed for seven and four years; the cited Table 7 estimates concern three years."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "funding",
        "title": "Research funding",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Multiple NHLBI/NIH Cardiovascular Health Study contracts, detailed in the article."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "conflicts",
        "title": "Research conflicts of interest",
        "paragraphs": [
          "The separate competing-interest statement has not been verified."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "basis",
        "title": "Reading scope",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Original PDF pages M146–M154. The sex-, BMI- and height-specific threshold appendix remains to be checked item by item."
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}