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    "kind": "note",
    "key": "casuso-2025",
    "id": "TAP-RDN-0082",
    "locale": "en",
    "path": "/research/casuso-2025/",
    "title": "TAP reading note: Does Protein Ingestion Timing Affect Exercise-Induced Adaptations? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis",
    "description": "Direct comparisons of protein before versus after training found no clear difference in lean mass (SMD −0.08, 95% CI −0.398 to 0.244) or chest-press strength (0.07, −0.248 to 0.395). A leg-press signal favoured before-training intake, but was based on only two studies.",
    "rights": "© The Allostasis Project. All rights reserved. Reproduction or adaptation requires separate permission, subject to applicable legal exceptions.",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-13",
    "editorial": {
      "contentType": "evidence-review",
      "reviewState": "draft",
      "reviewedAt": null,
      "reviewedVersion": null,
      "updatedAt": "2026-11-13",
      "version": "1.0",
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          "scope": "Source-based synthesis, drafting and translation. Consulted materials and access limits are described in the reading notes.",
          "version": "1.0",
          "tasks": [
            "Literature comparison and evidence extraction",
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      "revisions": []
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    "original": {
      "id": "casuso-2025",
      "title": "Does Protein Ingestion Timing Affect Exercise-Induced Adaptations? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis",
      "authors": "Rafael A. Casuso; Lennert Goossens",
      "journal": "Nutrients",
      "year": "2025",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132070",
      "doi": "10.3390/nu17132070",
      "pmid": "40647175"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "id": "casuso-2025",
        "title": "Does Protein Ingestion Timing Affect Exercise-Induced Adaptations? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis",
        "authors": "Rafael A. Casuso; Lennert Goossens",
        "journal": "Nutrients",
        "year": "2025",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132070",
        "doi": "10.3390/nu17132070",
        "pmid": "40647175"
      }
    ],
    "sections": [
      {
        "id": "finding",
        "title": "What the study found",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Direct comparisons of protein before versus after training found no clear difference in lean mass (SMD −0.08, 95% CI −0.398 to 0.244) or chest-press strength (0.07, −0.248 to 0.395). A leg-press signal favoured before-training intake, but was based on only two studies."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "title": "Scope & limitations",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Six reports representing five randomized studies, including trained younger adults and untrained older adults; one study included people with type 2 diabetes.",
          "Authors rated certainty low for lean mass and chest press, and very low for leg press and muscle thickness. The leg-press estimate was SMD 0.70 (0.005–1.388), p=.048; the chest-versus-leg subgroup difference was not significant (p=.07). Dietary control varied, and one study reported differing protein intake. A null result does not establish equivalence."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "sample",
        "title": "Population & sample",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Six reports representing five randomized studies, including trained younger adults and untrained older adults; one study included people with type 2 diabetes."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "exposure",
        "title": "Exposure or intervention",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Random assignment to protein before versus after repeated resistance-training sessions, generally near the session; one comparison used intake at least two hours afterward."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "outcomes",
        "title": "Outcomes",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Lean mass, strength, fat mass and muscle thickness."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "duration",
        "title": "Time frame",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Included training interventions lasted 6–16 weeks; database search through 15 January 2024."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "funding",
        "title": "Research funding",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Authors reported no external funding."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "conflicts",
        "title": "Research conflicts of interest",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Authors declared no conflicts of interest."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "basis",
        "title": "Reading scope",
        "paragraphs": [
          "PMC full text: methods, study tables, pooled results, GRADE discussion and declarations. Supplementary files and individual trial datasets were not independently checked."
        ],
        "links": [
          {
            "label": "Full text in PubMed Central",
            "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12250900/"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}