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  "work": {
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    "kind": "note",
    "key": "shields-2016",
    "id": "TAP-RDN-0103",
    "locale": "en",
    "path": "/research/shields-2016/",
    "title": "TAP reading note: The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol",
    "description": "Acute stress was associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility, with more differentiated effects on inhibition. A single description of “cognitive recovery” obscures different tasks and processes.",
    "rights": "© The Allostasis Project. All rights reserved. Reproduction or adaptation requires separate permission, subject to applicable legal exceptions.",
    "version": "1.0",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-13",
    "editorial": {
      "contentType": "evidence-review",
      "reviewState": "draft",
      "reviewedAt": null,
      "reviewedVersion": null,
      "updatedAt": "2026-11-13",
      "version": "1.0",
      "byline": "team",
      "author": null,
      "reviewer": null,
      "workflow": {
        "ai": {
          "usage": "used",
          "system": "OpenAI Codex",
          "scope": "Source-based research, drafting, translation and figure preparation. Access scope is stated in each source note.",
          "version": "1.0",
          "tasks": [
            "Source comparison and quantitative interpretation",
            "Bilingual synthesis and accessible figures"
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      "revisions": []
    },
    "original": {
      "id": "shields-2016",
      "title": "The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol",
      "authors": "Shields GS, Sazma MA, Yonelinas AP",
      "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews",
      "year": "2016",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038",
      "pmid": "27371161"
    },
    "references": [
      {
        "id": "shields-2016",
        "title": "The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol",
        "authors": "Shields GS, Sazma MA, Yonelinas AP",
        "journal": "Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews",
        "year": "2016",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038",
        "doi": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.038",
        "pmid": "27371161"
      }
    ],
    "sections": [
      {
        "id": "finding",
        "title": "What the study found",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Acute stress was associated with impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility, with more differentiated effects on inhibition. A single description of “cognitive recovery” obscures different tasks and processes."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "limits",
        "title": "Scope & limitations",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Human acute-stress experiments assessing core executive functions.",
          "Task classification, stress timing and study design affect interpretation. Later commentary and the authors’ response address heterogeneous outcomes and analytic choices. These are not estimates of time to whole-person recovery."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "sample",
        "title": "Population & sample",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Human acute-stress experiments assessing core executive functions."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "exposure",
        "title": "Exposure or intervention",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Acute stress, compared with relevant controls; contrasted with cortisol-administration evidence."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "outcomes",
        "title": "Outcomes",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Working memory, cognitive flexibility and forms of inhibition."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "duration",
        "title": "Time frame",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Task- and timing-specific acute comparisons; review published in 2016."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "funding",
        "title": "Research funding",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Not yet verified against the full text."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "conflicts",
        "title": "Research conflicts of interest",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Not yet verified against the full text."
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "basis",
        "title": "Reading scope",
        "paragraphs": [
          "Original PubMed abstract and bibliographic record, plus the 2018 authors’ response abstract. Commentary links are supplied for the methodological debate; the pooled analysis was not recomputed."
        ],
        "links": [
          {
            "label": "PubMed record and abstract",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27371161/"
          },
          {
            "label": "Roos et al. methodological commentary",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28988779/"
          },
          {
            "label": "Authors’ response and additional analyses",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29175305/"
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}