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ARCHIVED EDITION · TAP-RDN-0028 · v0.1 · EnglishTAP Record & current edition ↗

TAP reading note: Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance

This whitepaper distinguishes cognitive reserve, brain reserve and brain maintenance, giving researchers a shared vocabulary for different explanations of preserved cognitive function.

Updated 2026-09-14 · Archived

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Original paper · cite this source for the study’s findings.

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What the study found

This whitepaper distinguishes cognitive reserve, brain reserve and brain maintenance, giving researchers a shared vocabulary for different explanations of preserved cognitive function.

Scope & limitations

Expert workgroup definitions and research guidance in cognitive aging and dementia.

These concepts belong to cognitive and brain research. They cannot be treated as interchangeable measures of whole-body physiological reserve, fitness or subjective energy.

Population & sample

Expert workgroup definitions and research guidance in cognitive aging and dementia.

Exposure or intervention

Definitions and research measures for cognitive reserve, brain reserve and brain maintenance.

Outcomes

Conceptual and measurement guidance for studying cognition in relation to aging and disease.

Time frame

Journal volume published in 2020; first online in 2018. No single follow-up period.

Research funding

Not yet checked against the full publication.

Research conflicts of interest

Not yet checked against the full publication.

Reading scope

Based on the original publication’s abstract and bibliographic record. This is a selected reading note, not a systematic appraisal.

References

  1. Yaakov Stern, Eider M. Arenaza‐Urquijo, David Bartrés‐Faz, Sylvie Belleville, Marc Cantilon, Gael Chetelat, Michael Ewers, Nicolai Franzmeier, Gerd Kempermann, William S. Kremen, Ozioma Okonkwo, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Anja Soldan, Chinedu Udeh‐Momoh, Michael Valenzuela, Prashanthi Vemuri, Eero Vuoksimaa, and the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup (2020). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer's & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219

Publication record

TAP-RDN-0028 · v0.1 · English

Scientific review has not been completed for this edition.

The Allostasis Project is founded and supported by Resilio.

© The Allostasis Project. All rights reserved. Reproduction or adaptation requires separate permission, subject to applicable legal exceptions.

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Record integrity & available editions

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Captured: 2026-09-14T11:41:53.503Z

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ExploreQuestions about Human AdaptationExploreMeasurement & InterpretationReading guide · Essential 5Allostatic LoadReading guide · Essential 5Recovery ScienceReading guide · Essential 5Reserve & ResilienceReading guide · Essential 5MeasurementFoundationsLoadFoundationsAllostasisFoundationsRecoveryFoundationsAllostatic LoadFoundationsPhysiological ReserveFoundationsResilienceFeaturesAllostatic Load: The Hidden Cost of AdaptationFeaturesRecovery Is Not RestFeaturesModels of Adaptation: What Different Frameworks ExplainFeaturesTAP Human Adaptation FrameworkFeaturesAre Recovery and Resilience the Same Thing?FeaturesDoes Recovery Always Mean Returning to the Same Baseline?FeaturesHow Are Physiological Reserve and Resilience Related?FeaturesWhat Can HRV Tell Us About Recovery?FeaturesWhy Feeling Better Doesn’t Always Mean Fully RecoveredMethods & projectEvidence grading & methodsMethods & projectEditorial & scientific standardsMethods & projectAbout the projectResearch · 1993Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to diseaseResearch · 1998Protective and damaging effects of stress mediatorsResearch · 2003The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivationResearch · 2006The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and healthResearch · 2007The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from workResearch · 2009The Reactive Scope Model — A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stressResearch · 2010Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recoveryResearch · 2010Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidenceResearch · 2010Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognitionResearch · 2011Stress- and Allostasis-Induced Brain PlasticityResearch · 2012Allostasis: a model of predictive regulationResearch · 2013The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balanceResearch · 2013Effects of recovery sleep after one work week of mild sleep restriction on interleukin-6 and cortisol secretion and daytime sleepiness and performanceResearch · 2014Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulationResearch · 2014Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectivesResearch · 2015Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative frameworkResearch · 2016Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysisResearch · 2016Physical Resilience in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Development of an Emerging ConstructResearch · 2017Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data ReportingResearch · 2017A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from WorkResearch · 2018Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus StatementResearch · 2019Ad libitum Weekend Recovery Sleep Fails to Prevent Metabolic Dysregulation during a Repeating Pattern of Insufficient Sleep and Weekend Recovery SleepResearch · 2019Resilience in Clinical Care: Getting a Grip on the Recovery Potential of Older AdultsResearch · 2020Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenanceResearch · 2021Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery From WorkResearch · 2022"Give me a break!" 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Mechanisms leading to diseaseTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0002TAP reading note: Protective and damaging effects of stress mediatorsTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0003TAP reading note: The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivationTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0016TAP reading note: The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and healthTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0020TAP reading note: The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from workTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0032TAP reading note: The Reactive Scope Model — A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stressTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0024TAP reading note: Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recoveryTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0004TAP reading note: Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidenceTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0013TAP reading note: Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognitionTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0005TAP reading note: Stress- and Allostasis-Induced Brain PlasticityTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0006TAP reading note: Allostasis: a model of predictive regulationTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0018TAP reading note: The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balanceTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0026TAP reading note: Effects of recovery sleep after one work week of mild sleep restriction on interleukin-6 and cortisol secretion and daytime sleepiness and performanceTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0012TAP reading note: Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulationTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0029TAP reading note: Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectivesTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0007TAP reading note: Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative frameworkTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0017TAP reading note: Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysisTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0008TAP reading note: Physical Resilience in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Development of an Emerging ConstructTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0019TAP reading note: Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data ReportingTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0009TAP reading note: A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from WorkTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0010TAP reading note: Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus StatementTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0025TAP reading note: Ad libitum Weekend Recovery Sleep Fails to Prevent Metabolic Dysregulation during a Repeating Pattern of Insufficient Sleep and Weekend Recovery SleepTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0027TAP reading note: Resilience in Clinical Care: Getting a Grip on the Recovery Potential of Older AdultsTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0028TAP reading note: Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenanceTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0022TAP reading note: Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery From WorkTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0023TAP reading note: "Give me a break!" A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performanceTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0011TAP reading note: Allostatic Load Measurement: A Systematic Review of Reviews, Database Inventory, and Considerations for Neighborhood ResearchTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0015TAP reading note: Allostatic Load and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0021TAP reading note: Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the FutureTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0033TAP reading note: Conceptualizing a resilience research framework at The National Institutes of HealthTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0014TAP reading note: Towards a consensus definition of allostatic load: a multi-cohort, multi-system, multi-biomarker individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysisTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0031TAP reading note: Impact of baseline and longitudinal allostatic load changes on incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A 7-year population-based cohort study in ChinaTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0034TAP reading note: Resilience phenotypes derived from an active inference account of allostasisTAP Record · TAP-RDN-0030TAP reading note: Building an ontology of resilience: Insights from the physical resilience literatureTAP Record · TAP-FIG-0001Human Adaptation MapTAP Record · TAP-FIG-0002Recovery trajectoriesTAP Record · TAP-STD-0001Citation & Reuse