TAP Records — The Allostasis Project

Project informationPrivacy Policy

Project informationContact

AssessmentTAP Load & Recovery Profile

MethodsLoad & Recovery Profile: Methods & Development

ExploreQuestions about Human Adaptation

ExploreMeasurement & Interpretation

Reading guide · Essential 35Load & Recovery: Six Research Directions

Reading guide · Essential 5Allostatic Load

Reading guide · Essential 5Recovery Science

Reading guide · Essential 5Reserve & Resilience

Reading guide · Essential 5Measurement

FoundationsLoad

FoundationsAllostasis

FoundationsRecovery

FoundationsAllostatic Load

FoundationsPhysiological Reserve

FoundationsResilience

FeaturesHow Is Allostatic Load Measured? Biomarkers, Scores and Limits

FeaturesRecovery Is Not Rest

FeaturesWhat Is Resilience Nutrition?

FeaturesModels of Adaptation: What Different Frameworks Explain

FeaturesTAP Human Adaptation Framework

FeaturesAre Recovery and Resilience the Same Thing?

FeaturesCan Underfueling Affect Recovery?

FeaturesCan Weekend Catch-Up Sleep Make Up for a Week of Short Sleep?

FeaturesDoes Recovery Always Mean Returning to the Same Baseline?

FeaturesHow Are Physiological Reserve and Resilience Related?

FeaturesHow Does Nutrition Influence Recovery? What Human Studies Can Tell Us

FeaturesWhat Can HRV Tell Us About Recovery?

FeaturesWhat Does Your Wearable’s Recovery Score Actually Tell You?

FeaturesWhy Can Stress Responses Continue After Work Ends?

FeaturesWhy Does HRV Drop? How to Read a Low Value in Context

FeaturesWhy Feeling Better Doesn’t Always Mean Fully Recovered

Methods & projectEvidence grading & methods

Methods & projectEditorial & scientific standards

Methods & projectAbout the project

Research · 1988Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion.

Research · 1993Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease

Research · 1998Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators

Research · 2001Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype

Research · 2003The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation

Research · 2004Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research

Research · 2006The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health

Research · 2007The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work

Research · 2009The Reactive Scope Model — A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress

Research · 2010Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery

Research · 2010Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidence

Research · 2010Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition

Research · 2011Stress- and Allostasis-Induced Brain Plasticity

Research · 2012Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data

Research · 2012Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation

Research · 2012A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health

Research · 2012Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Research · 2013Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis

Research · 2013The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance

Research · 2013Effects of recovery sleep after one work week of mild sleep restriction on interleukin-6 and cortisol secretion and daytime sleepiness and performance

Research · 2013Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain

Research · 2014Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?

Research · 2014Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation

Research · 2014Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives

Research · 2015Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework

Research · 2016Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Research · 2016Successfully leaving work at work: The self-regulatory underpinnings of psychological detachment

Research · 2016Physical Resilience in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Development of an Emerging Construct

Research · 2017Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Research · 2017Evidence for a Large-Scale Brain System Supporting Allostasis and Interoception in Humans

Research · 2017Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting

Research · 2017Diurnal Variation and Twenty-Four Hour Sleep Deprivation Do Not Alter Supine Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Male Young Adults.

Research · 2017The impact of reduced worktime on sleep and perceived stress - a group randomized intervention study using diary data

Research · 2017A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from Work

Research · 2017Multi-parameter comparison of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects: the PhenFlex challenge

Research · 2018Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement

Research · 2018Quantifying resilience of humans and other animals

Research · 2019Ad libitum Weekend Recovery Sleep Fails to Prevent Metabolic Dysregulation during a Repeating Pattern of Insufficient Sleep and Weekend Recovery Sleep

Research · 2019Resilience in Clinical Care: Getting a Grip on the Recovery Potential of Older Adults

Research · 2019Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Research · 2020Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation vs Postoperative Rehabilitation on 30-Day Postoperative Complications for Frail Patients Undergoing Resection of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Research · 2020Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance

Research · 2021Longitudinal analysis of blood markers reveals progressive loss of resilience and predicts human lifespan limit

Research · 2021Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery From Work

Research · 2022"Give me a break!" A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performance

Research · 2022Allostatic Load Measurement: A Systematic Review of Reviews, Database Inventory, and Considerations for Neighborhood Research

Research · 2022Allostatic Load and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Research · 2022Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the Future

Research · 2023Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal

Research · 2023Conceptualizing a resilience research framework at The National Institutes of Health

Research · 2023Towards a consensus definition of allostatic load: a multi-cohort, multi-system, multi-biomarker individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis

Research · 2023Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation on Reducing Postoperative Complications and Enhancing Functional Capacity Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: The PREHAB Randomized Clinical Trial

Research · 20232023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)

Research · 2023Low energy availability reduces myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females

Research · 2024Low energy availability increases immune cell formation of reactive oxygen species and impairs exercise performance in female endurance athletes

Research · 2024Impact of baseline and longitudinal allostatic load changes on incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A 7-year population-based cohort study in China

Research · 2024Brain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia

Research · 2024Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study

Research · 2025Allostatic (over)Load Measurement: Workflow and repository

Research · 2025Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables

Research · 2025Readiness, recovery, and strain: an evaluation of composite health scores in consumer wearables

Research · 2025Resilience phenotypes derived from an active inference account of allostasis

Research · 2025A meta-analysis of the influence of work connectivity behavior after-hours on employees: The mediating role of work autonomy and psychological detachment

Research · 2025The Effect of Protein Supplementation and Playing Time on Recovery Kinetics During a Congested Basketball Schedule.

Research · 2025Inter- and Intrapersonal Associations Between Physiology and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Study Using Wearables and Mental Health Surveys

Research · 2026Allostatic (over) load measurement: Workflow and repository

Research · 2026Real-world effects of alcohol on heart rate, sleep, and physical activity by age and sex.

Research · 2026A reporting checklist for human and animal heart rate variability research

Research · 2026Acute effects of binge drinking following aerobic exercise on autonomic and hemodynamic recovery in young men: a randomized crossover trial.

Research · 2026Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk

Research · 2026Building an ontology of resilience: Insights from the physical resilience literature

Research · 2026Measuring the biological embedding of chronic stress: Allostatic load algorithms and cancer risk in a prospective cohort.

Research · 2026Pilot study of the impact of weekend sleep restriction and recovery sleep on metabolic and cardiovascular risk indicators: Results from a randomized crossover clinical trial

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0001Load

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0002Allostasis

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0003Recovery

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0004Allostatic Load

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0005Physiological Reserve

TAP Record · TAP-CON-0006Resilience

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0001How Is Allostatic Load Measured? Biomarkers, Scores and Limits

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0002Recovery Is Not Rest

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0009What Is Resilience Nutrition?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0008Models of Adaptation: What Different Frameworks Explain

TAP Record · TAP-MDL-0001TAP Human Adaptation Framework

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0006Are Recovery and Resilience the Same Thing?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0015Can Underfueling Affect Recovery?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0013Can Weekend Catch-Up Sleep Make Up for a Week of Short Sleep?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0007Does Recovery Always Mean Returning to the Same Baseline?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0004How Are Physiological Reserve and Resilience Related?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0012How Does Nutrition Influence Recovery? What Human Studies Can Tell Us

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0005What Can HRV Tell Us About Recovery?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0011What Does Your Wearable’s Recovery Score Actually Tell You?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0010Why Can Stress Responses Continue After Work Ends?

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0014Why Does HRV Drop? How to Read a Low Value in Context

TAP Record · TAP-FTR-0003Why Feeling Better Doesn’t Always Mean Fully Recovered

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0072TAP reading note: Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: effect of time of carbohydrate ingestion.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0001TAP reading note: Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0002TAP reading note: Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0067TAP reading note: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0003TAP reading note: The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0050TAP reading note: Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0016TAP reading note: The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0020TAP reading note: The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0032TAP reading note: The Reactive Scope Model — A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0024TAP reading note: Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0004TAP reading note: Greater cardiovascular responses to laboratory mental stress are associated with poor subsequent cardiovascular risk status: a meta-analysis of prospective evidence

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0013TAP reading note: Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0005TAP reading note: Stress- and Allostasis-Induced Brain Plasticity

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0060TAP reading note: Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0006TAP reading note: Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0053TAP reading note: A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0038TAP reading note: Protein supplementation improves physical performance in frail elderly people: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0037TAP reading note: Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0018TAP reading note: The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0026TAP reading note: Effects of recovery sleep after one work week of mild sleep restriction on interleukin-6 and cortisol secretion and daytime sleepiness and performance

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0062TAP reading note: Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0044TAP reading note: Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0012TAP reading note: Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0029TAP reading note: Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0007TAP reading note: Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0017TAP reading note: Physiological concomitants of perseverative cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0040TAP reading note: Successfully leaving work at work: The self-regulatory underpinnings of psychological detachment

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0008TAP reading note: Physical Resilience in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Development of an Emerging Construct

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0051TAP reading note: Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0049TAP reading note: Evidence for a Large-Scale Brain System Supporting Allostasis and Interoception in Humans

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0019TAP reading note: Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research - Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0071TAP reading note: Diurnal Variation and Twenty-Four Hour Sleep Deprivation Do Not Alter Supine Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Male Young Adults.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0059TAP reading note: The impact of reduced worktime on sleep and perceived stress - a group randomized intervention study using diary data

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0009TAP reading note: A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from Work

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0036TAP reading note: Multi-parameter comparison of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects: the PhenFlex challenge

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0010TAP reading note: Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0064TAP reading note: Quantifying resilience of humans and other animals

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0025TAP reading note: Ad libitum Weekend Recovery Sleep Fails to Prevent Metabolic Dysregulation during a Repeating Pattern of Insufficient Sleep and Weekend Recovery Sleep

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0027TAP reading note: Resilience in Clinical Care: Getting a Grip on the Recovery Potential of Older Adults

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0039TAP reading note: Protein supplementation improves lean body mass in physically active older adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0066TAP reading note: Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation vs Postoperative Rehabilitation on 30-Day Postoperative Complications for Frail Patients Undergoing Resection of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0028TAP reading note: Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0052TAP reading note: Longitudinal analysis of blood markers reveals progressive loss of resilience and predicts human lifespan limit

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0022TAP reading note: Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery From Work

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0023TAP reading note: "Give me a break!" A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performance

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0011TAP reading note: Allostatic Load Measurement: A Systematic Review of Reviews, Database Inventory, and Considerations for Neighborhood Research

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0015TAP reading note: Allostatic Load and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0021TAP reading note: Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the Future

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0057TAP reading note: Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0033TAP reading note: Conceptualizing a resilience research framework at The National Institutes of Health

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0014TAP reading note: Towards a consensus definition of allostatic load: a multi-cohort, multi-system, multi-biomarker individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0065TAP reading note: Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation on Reducing Postoperative Complications and Enhancing Functional Capacity Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: The PREHAB Randomized Clinical Trial

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0047TAP reading note: 2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0045TAP reading note: Low energy availability reduces myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis in trained females

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0046TAP reading note: Low energy availability increases immune cell formation of reactive oxygen species and impairs exercise performance in female endurance athletes

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0031TAP reading note: Impact of baseline and longitudinal allostatic load changes on incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A 7-year population-based cohort study in China

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0063TAP reading note: Brain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0061TAP reading note: Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: A prospective cohort study

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0035TAP reading note: Allostatic (over)Load Measurement: Workflow and repository

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0055TAP reading note: Validation of nocturnal resting heart rate and heart rate variability in consumer wearables

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0041TAP reading note: Readiness, recovery, and strain: an evaluation of composite health scores in consumer wearables

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0034TAP reading note: Resilience phenotypes derived from an active inference account of allostasis

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0058TAP reading note: A meta-analysis of the influence of work connectivity behavior after-hours on employees: The mediating role of work autonomy and psychological detachment

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0073TAP reading note: The Effect of Protein Supplementation and Playing Time on Recovery Kinetics During a Congested Basketball Schedule.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0056TAP reading note: Inter- and Intrapersonal Associations Between Physiology and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Study Using Wearables and Mental Health Surveys

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0048TAP reading note: Allostatic (over) load measurement: Workflow and repository

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0069TAP reading note: Real-world effects of alcohol on heart rate, sleep, and physical activity by age and sex.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0054TAP reading note: A reporting checklist for human and animal heart rate variability research

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0070TAP reading note: Acute effects of binge drinking following aerobic exercise on autonomic and hemodynamic recovery in young men: a randomized crossover trial.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0043TAP reading note: Acute sleep rebound following sleep restriction is associated with reduced mortality risk

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0030TAP reading note: Building an ontology of resilience: Insights from the physical resilience literature

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0068TAP reading note: Measuring the biological embedding of chronic stress: Allostatic load algorithms and cancer risk in a prospective cohort.

TAP Record · TAP-RDN-0042TAP reading note: Pilot study of the impact of weekend sleep restriction and recovery sleep on metabolic and cardiovascular risk indicators: Results from a randomized crossover clinical trial

TAP Record · TAP-MTH-0002Same Biomarkers, Different Scores

TAP Record · TAP-ASM-0001TAP Load & Recovery Profile

TAP Record · TAP-MTH-0001Load & Recovery Profile: Methods & Development

TAP Record · TAP-FIG-0001Human Adaptation Map

TAP Record · TAP-FIG-0002Recovery trajectories

TAP Record · TAP-STD-0001Citation & Reuse