恢复

概览

扰动之后，重新获得余地。

恢复关注受到扰动之后，功能与调节过程如何随时间变化。睡眠、运动和心理研究对恢复的具体定义与测量各有侧重。

休息是一种活动安排；是否发生恢复，还需要观察相应的功能变化。

观察发生了什么变化

恢复研究关注应对要求之后，体验、调节或表现发生的变化。工作与运动研究使用不同的观察窗口和结局。^[1][2]

员工研究进一步区分恢复活动、体验与状态。恢复体验问卷测量心理脱离、放松、掌握体验和控制感；这些体验并不直接测量生理功能是否已经恢复。^[4][5]

休息提供一种机会

暂停活动描述一种安排。判断恢复需要说明观察对象。睡眠限制实验提醒我们，主观感受和表现不一定讲述同一个故事。^[3]

一项恢复睡眠实验发现，困倦与一项炎症指标改善时，注意表现并未改善。微休息综合分析也对疲劳和总体表现报告了不同结果。描述改善，应说明具体结局。^[6][7]

带着三个问题阅读研究

从什么之中恢复？观察哪种功能或体验？经过多长时间？这三个问题帮助比较研究，而不预设所有恢复都能归为一个数值。

恢复机会也与工作的时间和组织方式相关。综述分别考察间歇、晚上、周末和假期，而不假定所有非工作时间都有相同作用。^[8]

参考文献

1. Sabine Sonnentag, Charlotte Fritz (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
2. Michael Kellmann, Maurizio Bertollo, Laurent Bosquet, Michel Brink, Aaron J. Coutts, Rob Duffield, Daniel Erlacher, Shona L. Halson, Anne Hecksteden, Jahan Heidari, K. Wolfgang Kallus, Romain Meeusen, Iñigo Mujika, Claudio Robazza, Sabrina Skorski, Ranel Venter, Jürgen Beckmann (2018). Recovery and Performance in Sport: Consensus Statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
3. Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Greg Maislin, Janet M. Mullington, David F. Dinges (2003). The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.2.117
4. Laurens Bujold Steed, Brian W. Swider, Sejin Keem, Joseph T. Liu (2021). Leaving Work at Work: A Meta-Analysis on Employee Recovery From Work. Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319864153
5. Sabine Sonnentag, Charlotte Fritz (2007). The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
6. Slobodanka Pejovic, Maria Basta, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Ilia Kritikou, Michele L. Shaffer, Marina Tsaoussoglou, David Stiffler, Zacharias Stefanakis, Edward O. Bixler, George P. Chrousos (2013). Effects of recovery sleep after one work week of mild sleep restriction on interleukin-6 and cortisol secretion and daytime sleepiness and performance. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00301.2013
7. Patricia Albulescu, Irina Macsinga, Andrei Rusu, Coralia Sulea, Alexandra Bodnaru, Bogdan Tudor Tulbure (2022). "Give me a break!" A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performance. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272460
8. Sabine Sonnentag, Bonnie Hayden Cheng, Stacey L. Parker (2022). Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the Future. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091355

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