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ARCHIVED EDITION · TAP-RDN-0046 · v1.0 · EnglishTAP Record & current edition ↗

TAP reading note: Low energy availability increases immune cell formation of reactive oxygen species and impairs exercise performance in female endurance athletes

Low availability impaired performance; the time-trial impairment persisted after three refueling days.

Updated 2026-10-28 · Archived

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What the study found

Low availability impaired performance; the time-trial impairment persisted after three refueling days.

Scope & limitations

12 female endurance athletes; randomized crossover.

Small athlete sample; energy and nutrient availability changed together. Immune-cell measures do not establish clinical illness.

Population & sample

12 female endurance athletes; randomized crossover.

Exposure or intervention

Low versus optimal energy availability, followed by refueling.

Outcomes

Cycling performance and immune-cell/physiological measures.

Time frame

Fourteen days per dietary condition, then three refueling days.

Research funding

Danish Ministry of Culture sports-research funding; Frimodt-Heineke Fonden; Novo Nordisk Foundation support for Team Denmark’s training-strategies and competition-preparation network.

Research conflicts of interest

Authors declared no known competing financial interests or personal relationships affecting the work.

Reading scope

PMC full text: protocol, performance results, funding and declarations.

References

  1. Jan S. Jeppesen, Hannah G. Caldwell, Lone O. Lossius, Anna K. Melin, Lasse Gliemann, Jens Bangsbo, Ylva Hellsten (2024). Low energy availability increases immune cell formation of reactive oxygen species and impairs exercise performance in female endurance athletes. Redox Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2024.103250

Publication record

TAP-RDN-0046 · v1.0 · English

Author: TAP Editorial Team ·

The Allostasis Project is founded and supported by Resilio.

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    Not yet scientifically reviewed

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Under the editorial responsibility of the TAP Editorial Team, this publication used AI assistance for content organization and editing. Scientific review is recorded separately on this page.

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Captured: 2026-10-28T03:31:47.147Z

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Project informationPrivacy PolicyProject informationContactAssessmentTAP Load & Recovery ProfileMethodsLoad & Recovery Profile: Methods & DevelopmentExploreQuestions about Human AdaptationExploreMeasurement & InterpretationReading guide · Essential 35Load & Recovery: Six Research DirectionsReading guide · Essential 5Allostatic LoadReading guide · Essential 5Recovery ScienceReading guide · Essential 5Reserve & ResilienceReading guide · Essential 5MeasurementFoundationsLoadFoundationsAllostasisFoundationsRecoveryFoundationsAllostatic LoadFoundationsPhysiological ReserveFoundationsResilienceFeaturesAllostatic Load: The Hidden Cost of AdaptationFeaturesRecovery Is Not RestFeaturesWhat Is Resilience Nutrition?FeaturesModels of Adaptation: What Different Frameworks ExplainFeaturesTAP Human Adaptation FrameworkFeaturesAre Recovery and Resilience the Same Thing?FeaturesCan Underfueling Affect Recovery?FeaturesCan Weekend Catch-Up Sleep Make Up for a Week of Short Sleep?FeaturesDoes Recovery Always Mean Returning to the Same Baseline?FeaturesHow Are Physiological Reserve and Resilience Related?FeaturesWhat Can HRV Tell Us About Recovery?FeaturesWhat Counts as Evidence That Nutrition Supports Recovery?FeaturesWhat Does Your Wearable’s Recovery Score Actually Tell You?FeaturesWhen HRV Drops: Normal Variation or a Change in Recovery?FeaturesWhy Can Stress Responses Continue After Work Ends?FeaturesWhy Feeling Better Doesn’t Always Mean Fully RecoveredMethods & projectEvidence grading & methodsMethods & projectEditorial & scientific standardsMethods & projectAbout the projectResearch · 1993Stress and the individual. 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